======  Historia komputerów i systemów operacyjnych ======

Wstęp:    

  * [[https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/2023/06/|TOP 500]] (06.2023) 
  * [[https://www.top500.org/statistics/overtime/|TOP500 Developement over time]]

  * [[wp>Operating_system|Systemy operacyjne]]
  * [[wp>Kernel_(operating_system)|Jądro systemu]]

Historia komputerów i obliczeń: 

  * [[wp>History_of_computing_hardware]] 
  * [[wp>Timeline_of_operating_systems]] 
  * [[wp>History_of_Unix]]
  * {{http://fizyka.umk.pl/~jkob/_downloads/8800d324a75dfe1730f8fa8457c6d67e/linux30.pdf|}}

  * [[wp>Abacus]], [[wp>Napier's_bones]], kalkulator [[wp>Wilhelm_Schickard|W. Schicarda]], [[wp>Pascalina]], roboty i krosno [[wp>Jacques_de_Vaucanson]], krosno [[wp>Joseph_Marie_Jacquard|Jackquarda]], [[wp>Punched_card|Karty dziurkowane]], [[wp>Difference engine]], [[wp>Analytical_Engine]], maszyna licząca [[wp>Herman_Hollerith|Holleritha]]
  * komputer [[wppl>Atanasoff-Berry_Computer|ABC]], [[wp>Harvard_Mark_I|Harvard Mark I (ASCC)]] ([[wppl>Architektura_harwardzka]]), [[wppl>ENIAC]], [[wppl>Centrum_Szyfrów_Enigma_w_Poznaniu]], [[wp>Colossus_computer]] (Mark 1, Mark 2), [[wppl>EDVAC]], komputery [[wppl>Konrad_Zuse|Konrada Zuse]] ([[wppl>Z1]], [[wppl>Z2]], [[wppl>Z3]])
  * IAS [[wp>Von_Neumann_architecture]], [[https://www.cs.unh.edu/~pjh/courses/cs611/03spr/ias.html|IAS instructions]], [[https://electronics-club.com/the-von-neumann-architecture/|The Von Neumann Architecture]]
  * [[wp>UNIVAC_I]], [[wp>IBM_700|IBM seria 700]], [[wp>PDP-8]], [[wppl>IBM_System/360]]
  * [[wppl>Tryb_wsadowy|Tryb wsadowy]], [[wp>Spooling]]
  * [[https://faculty.berea.edu/faculty/pearcej/CSC325/intro.htm|Operating Systems with an Emphasis on UNIX]] \\ {{zajecia:so_2024_2:t1.gif?100|Struktura typowego zadania Fortran Monitor System}} {{zajecia:so_2024_2:early_batch_system.png?200| An early batch system. (a) Programmers bring cards to 1401. (b) 1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape. (c) Operator carries input tape to 7094. (d) 7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to 1401. (f) 1401 prints output}} {{https://faculty.berea.edu/faculty/pearcej/CSC325/mod1d3.gif?100|Spoolig}}
  * systemy podziału czasu [[wp>Compatible_Time-Sharing_System|CTSS]] [[wp>MULTICS]]
  * wkład polski: [[wppl>ARAL]], [[wppl>Analizator_Równań_Różniczkowych|ARR]], [[wppl>XYZ]], [[wppl>Odra_(komputer)]] [[wppl>K-202]], [[wppl>Mera_300]]

Historia systemów operacyjnych:
  * [[wp>Timeline_of_operating_systems]] 
  * [[wp>History_of_Unix]]
  * {{http://fizyka.umk.pl/~jkob/_downloads/8800d324a75dfe1730f8fa8457c6d67e/linux30.pdf|}}
  * [[http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch03s02.html|Porównanie wg. ESR]]

Linux: {{http://fizyka.umk.pl/~jkob/_downloads/8800d324a75dfe1730f8fa8457c6d67e/linux30.pdf|}}
  * [[http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/|Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System by John Lions]]
  * [[wppl>POSIX]], [[wppl>GNU]], [[wp>Free_Software_Foundation|FSF]], [[wppl>GNU_General_Public_License|GPL]], [[wppl>OSI]]
  * [[wppl>Definicja_wolnego_oprogramowania]], [[wppl>Definicja_otwartego_źródła]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/|The Linux Foundation]]  
  *  [[https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/map/|Interactive linux kernel map]]
  * [[https://kernel.org/]] [[wp>Linux_kernel_version_history]]